Merge pull request #901 from dusunax/main

[SunaDu] Week 6

Author: dusunax

container-with-most-water/dusunax.py

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+'''
+# 11. Container With Most Water
+
+use two pointers to find the maximum area.
+
+> **move the shorter line inward:**
+> - area is determined by the shorter line.
+> - move the shorter line inward => may find a taller line that can increase the area.
+
+## Time and Space Complexity
+
+```
+TC: O(n)
+SC: O(1)
+```
+
+### TC is O(n):
+- while loop iterates through the height array once. = O(n)
+
+### SC is O(1):
+- using two pointers and max_area variable. = O(1)
+'''
+
+class Solution:
+    def maxArea(self, height: List[int]) -> int:
+        left = 0
+        right = len(height) - 1
+        max_area = 0
+
+        while left < right: # TC: O(n)
+            distance = right - left
+            current_area = min(height[left], height[right]) * distance
+            max_area = max(current_area, max_area)
+
+            if height[left] < height[right]:
+                left += 1
+            else:
+                right -= 1
+
+        return max_area

design-add-and-search-words-data-structure/dusunax.py

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+'''
+# 211. Design Add and Search Words Data Structure
+
+use trie to perform add and search operations on words.
+use recursive dfs to search for words with "." wildcards.
+
+## Time and Space Complexity
+
+### addWord
+
+```
+TC: O(n)
+SC: O(n)
+```
+
+### TC is O(n):
+- iterating through each character of the word. = O(n)
+
+### SC is O(n):
+- storing the word in the trie. = O(n)
+
+### search
+
+```
+TC: O(n)
+SC: O(n)
+```
+
+### TC is O(n):
+- dfs iterates through each character of the word. = O(n)
+- if char is "."(wildcard) dfs iterates through all children of the current node. = O(n)
+
+> recursion for the wildcard could involve exploring several paths.
+> but time complexity is bounded by the length of the word, so it's still O(n).
+
+### SC is O(n):
+- length of the word as recursive call stack. = O(n)
+'''
+class WordDictionary:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.trie = {}
+
+    def addWord(self, word: str) -> None:
+        node = self.trie
+        for char in word: # TC: O(n)
+            if char not in node:
+                node[char] = {}
+            node = node[char] 
+        node["$"] = True
+
+    def search(self, word: str) -> bool:
+        def dfs(node, i) -> bool:
+            if not isinstance(node, dict):
+                return False
+            if i == len(word):
+                return "$" in node if isinstance(node, dict) else False 
+            char = word[i]
+
+            if char == ".":
+                for child in node.values():
+                    if dfs(child, i + 1):
+                        return True
+                return False
+            else:
+                return dfs(node[char], i+1) if char in node else False
+        
+        return dfs(self.trie, 0)

longest-increasing-subsequence/dusunax.py

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+'''
+# 300. Longest Increasing Subsequence
+
+use the sub list to store current LIS.
+iterate nums's elements and find the position of the current number in the subsequence. (using a binary search helper function)
+after the iteration finishes, return the length of the subsequence.
+
+> **helper function explanation:**
+> ```py
+> position = bisectLeft(sub, num)
+> ```
+> bisectLeft is doing binary search that finds the leftmost position in a sorted list.
+>if the position is the end of the subsequence, append the current number to the subsequence.
+>if the position is not the end of the subsequence, replace the number at the position with the current number.
+
+> **python's bisect module:**
+> https://docs.python.org/3.10/library/bisect.html
+
+## Time and Space Complexity
+
+```
+TC: O(n log n)
+SC: O(n)
+```
+
+#### TC is O(n log n):
+- iterating through the nums list to find the position of the current number. = O(n)
+- using a binary search helper function to find the position of the current number. = O(log n)
+
+#### SC is O(n):
+- using a list to store the subsequence. = O(n) in the worst case
+'''
+class Solution:
+    def lengthOfLIS(self, nums: List[int]) -> int:
+        sub = [] # SC: O(n)
+        
+        for num in nums: # TC: O(n)
+            pos = self.bisectLeft(sub, num) # bisect.bisect_left(sub, num) = TC: O(log n)
+            if pos == len(sub):
+                sub.append(num)
+            else:
+                sub[pos] = num
+        
+        return len(sub)
+    
+    def bisectLeft(self, list, target) -> int:
+        low = 0
+        high = len(list) - 1
+
+        while low <= high :
+            mid = int(low + (high - low) / 2) 
+
+            if list[mid] < target:
+                low = mid + 1
+            else:
+                high = mid - 1
+
+        return low

spiral-matrix/dusunax.py

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+'''
+# 54. Spiral Matrix
+
+to traverse the matrix in a spiral order:
+1. do boundary-tracking
+2. iterate in layers
+  - move right, move down, move left, move up
+  - shrink the boundaries
+4. return the result
+
+# Time and Space Complexity
+
+```
+TC: O(m * n)
+SC: O(1)
+```
+
+#### TC is O(m * n):
+move through the 2D matrix just once. = O(m * n)
+
+#### SC is O(1):
+result list is excluded from auxiliary space, so it's = O(1)
+'''
+
+class Solution:
+    def spiralOrder(self, matrix: List[List[int]]) -> List[int]:
+        top = 0
+        left = 0
+        bottom = len(matrix) - 1
+        right = len(matrix[0]) - 1
+        result = [] # SC: O(1)
+
+        while top <= bottom and left <= right:
+            for i in range(left, right + 1):
+                result.append(matrix[top][i])
+            top += 1
+
+            for i in range(top, bottom + 1):
+                result.append(matrix[i][right])
+            right -= 1
+
+            if top <= bottom:
+                for i in range(right, left - 1, -1):
+                    result.append(matrix[bottom][i])
+                bottom -= 1
+            
+            if left <= right:
+                for i in range(bottom, top - 1, -1):
+                    result.append(matrix[i][left])
+                left += 1
+        
+        return result

valid-parentheses/dusunax.py

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+'''
+# 20. Valid Parentheses
+
+use stack data structure to perform as a LIFO
+
+## Time and Space Complexity
+
+```
+TC: O(n)
+SC: O(n)
+```
+
+#### TC is O(n):
+- iterating through the string just once to check if the parentheses are valid. = O(n)
+
+#### SC is O(n):
+- using a stack to store the parentheses. = the worst case is O(n)
+- using a map to store the parentheses. = O(1)
+
+> for space complexity, fixed space is O(1).
+> 👉 parentheses_map is fixed and its size doesn't grow with the input size.
+> 👉 if the map has much larger size? the space complexity is still O(1).
+'''
+
+class Solution:
+    def isValid(self, s: str) -> bool:
+        stack = [] # SC: O(n)
+        parentheses_map = { # SC: O(1)
+            "(": ")",
+            "{": "}",
+            "[": "]"
+        }
+
+        for char in s: # TC: O(n) 
+            if char in parentheses_map:
+                stack.append(char)
+            else:
+                if len(stack) == 0 or parentheses_map[stack.pop()] != char:
+                    return False
+        
+        return not stack