diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index 10279d2f0d..e33c66a1c2 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -348,6 +348,12 @@ Bugs occur when impure points are missed (e.g. inherited constructors of anonymo
 
 `FunctionCallParametersCheck` (`src/Rules/FunctionCallParametersCheck.php`) validates arguments passed to functions/methods. For by-reference parameters, it checks whether the argument is a valid lvalue (variable, array dim fetch, property fetch). It also allows function/method calls that return by reference (`&getString()`, `&staticGetString()`, `&refFunction()`), using `returnsByReference()` on the resolved reflection. The class is manually instantiated in ~20 test files, so adding a constructor parameter requires updating all of them. The `Scope` interface provides `getMethodReflection()` for method calls, while `ReflectionProvider` (injected into the class) is needed for resolving function reflections.
 
+### FunctionCallParametersCheck: spread argument expansion with optional named keys
+
+When spreading a constant array into a function/method call (`foo(...$array)`), `FunctionCallParametersCheck::check()` (lines 139-213) expands each array position into an individual argument. For each position, it checks whether the key is optional (`getOptionalKeys()`), extracts the value type, and determines the key name. Optional keys (array positions that might not exist) are normally skipped to avoid asserting they're always present.
+
+However, when the optional key has a string name (named argument), skipping it causes a fallback path (lines 195-203) that loses the key-to-type correspondence. The fallback uses `getIterableValueType()` which unions ALL value types, then passes this as a single generic unpacked argument. This causes false positives when different keys have different value types — e.g., `non-empty-array{width?: int, bgColor?: string}` spread into `Foo(int|null $width, string|null $bgColor)` reports "int|string given" for `$width` because the fallback unions `int` and `string`. The fix: only skip optional keys when they don't have a named key (`$keyArgumentName === null`), so named optional keys are still expanded as individual named arguments with their correct per-key types.
+
 ### Testing patterns
 
 - **Rule tests**: Extend `RuleTestCase`, implement `getRule()`, call `$this->analyse([__DIR__ . '/data/my-test.php'], [...expected errors...])`. Expected errors are `[message, line]` pairs. Test data files live in `tests/PHPStan/Rules/*/data/`.
diff --git a/src/Rules/FunctionCallParametersCheck.php b/src/Rules/FunctionCallParametersCheck.php
index 61c80b7199..74ceec9c00 100644
--- a/src/Rules/FunctionCallParametersCheck.php
+++ b/src/Rules/FunctionCallParametersCheck.php
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ public function check(
 							$keyArgumentName = $commonKey;
 							$hasNamedArguments = true;
 						}
-						if ($isOptionalKey) {
+						if ($isOptionalKey && $keyArgumentName === null) {
 							continue;
 						}
 
diff --git a/tests/PHPStan/Rules/Classes/InstantiationRuleTest.php b/tests/PHPStan/Rules/Classes/InstantiationRuleTest.php
index 89557169d0..3232e63282 100644
--- a/tests/PHPStan/Rules/Classes/InstantiationRuleTest.php
+++ b/tests/PHPStan/Rules/Classes/InstantiationRuleTest.php
@@ -564,6 +564,12 @@ public function testNamedArgumentsPhpversion(): void
 		$this->analyse([__DIR__ . '/data/named-arguments-phpversion.php'], []);
 	}
 
+	#[RequiresPhp('>= 8.0')]
+	public function testBug14097(): void
+	{
+		$this->analyse([__DIR__ . '/data/bug-14097.php'], []);
+	}
+
 	public function testNewStaticWithConsistentConstructor(): void
 	{
 		$this->analyse([__DIR__ . '/data/instantiation-new-static-consistent-constructor.php'], [
diff --git a/tests/PHPStan/Rules/Classes/data/bug-14097.php b/tests/PHPStan/Rules/Classes/data/bug-14097.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bd92988c0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/PHPStan/Rules/Classes/data/bug-14097.php
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Bug14097;
+
+class Manipulations
+{
+	public function __construct(
+		public int|null $width = null,
+		public string|null $bgColor = null,
+	) {
+	}
+}
+
+class PathUtility
+{
+	public static function parseManipulations(string $path): Manipulations
+	{
+		$manipulations = [];
+		// Width
+		if (preg_match('/_w(?<w>\d+)/', $path, $matches)) {
+			$manipulations['width'] = (int)$matches['w'];
+			$path = str_replace($matches[0], '', $path);
+		}
+
+		// Background color (when padding images)
+		if (preg_match('/_rgb(?<rgb>(?:[0-9a-fA-F]{3}){1,2})/', $path, $matches)) {
+			$manipulations['bgColor'] = $matches['rgb'];
+			$path = str_replace($matches[0], '', $path);
+		}
+
+		if (!empty($manipulations)) {
+			return new Manipulations(...$manipulations);
+		}
+
+		return new Manipulations(...[]);
+	}
+}