diff --git a/Lib/test/test_interpreters/test_api.py b/Lib/test/test_interpreters/test_api.py
index 61beb317c37975..b9c0c45e0160bf 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_interpreters/test_api.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_interpreters/test_api.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 import sys
 from textwrap import dedent, indent
 import threading
+import traceback
 import types
 import unittest
 
@@ -1667,6 +1668,55 @@ def test_set___main___attrs(self):
             self.assertEqual(rc, 0)
 
 
+class CaptureExceptionTests(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    # Prevent crashes with incompatible TracebackException.format().
+    # Regression test for https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/143377.
+
+    def capture_with_formatter(self, exc, formatter):
+        with support.swap_attr(traceback.TracebackException, "format", formatter):
+            return _interpreters.capture_exception(exc)
+
+    def test_capture_exception(self):
+        captured = _interpreters.capture_exception(ValueError("hello"))
+
+        self.assertEqual(captured.type.__name__, "ValueError")
+        self.assertEqual(captured.type.__qualname__, "ValueError")
+        self.assertEqual(captured.type.__module__, "builtins")
+
+        self.assertEqual(captured.msg, "hello")
+        self.assertEqual(captured.formatted, "ValueError: hello")
+
+    def test_capture_exception_custom_format(self):
+        exc = ValueError("good bye!")
+        formatter = lambda self: ["hello\n", "world\n"]
+        captured = self.capture_with_formatter(exc, formatter)
+        self.assertEqual(captured.msg, "good bye!")
+        self.assertEqual(captured.formatted, "ValueError: good bye!")
+        self.assertEqual(captured.errdisplay, "hello\nworld")
+
+    @support.subTests("exc_lines", ([], ["x-no-nl"], ["x-no-nl", "y-no-nl"]))
+    def test_capture_exception_invalid_format(self, exc_lines):
+        formatter = lambda self: exc_lines
+        captured = self.capture_with_formatter(ValueError(), formatter)
+        self.assertEqual(captured.msg, "")
+        self.assertEqual(captured.formatted, "ValueError: ")
+        self.assertEqual(captured.errdisplay, "".join(exc_lines))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(
+        support.Py_DEBUG,
+        "printing subinterpreter unraisable exceptions requires DEBUG build",
+    )
+    def test_capture_exception_unraisable_exception(self):
+        formatter = lambda self: 1
+        with support.catch_unraisable_exception() as cm:
+            captured = self.capture_with_formatter(ValueError(), formatter)
+            self.assertFalse(hasattr(captured, "errdisplay"))
+            self.assertEqual(cm.unraisable.exc_type, TypeError)
+            self.assertEqual(str(cm.unraisable.exc_value),
+                             "can only join an iterable")
+
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     # Test needs to be a package, so we can do relative imports.
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core and Builtins/2026-01-04-16-56-17.gh-issue-143377.YJqMCa.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core and Builtins/2026-01-04-16-56-17.gh-issue-143377.YJqMCa.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fc58554781f0d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core and Builtins/2026-01-04-16-56-17.gh-issue-143377.YJqMCa.rst	
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Fix a crash in :func:`!_interpreters.capture_exception` when
+the exception is incorrectly formatted. Patch by Bénédikt Tran.
diff --git a/Python/crossinterp.c b/Python/crossinterp.c
index 2f6324d300dee0..caa1cb6702b8a6 100644
--- a/Python/crossinterp.c
+++ b/Python/crossinterp.c
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ _PyCrossInterpreterData_ReleaseAndRawFree(_PyCrossInterpreterData *data)
 /* convenience utilities */
 /*************************/
 
-static const char *
+static char *
 _copy_string_obj_raw(PyObject *strobj, Py_ssize_t *p_size)
 {
     Py_ssize_t size = -1;
@@ -441,11 +441,16 @@ _format_TracebackException(PyObject *tbexc)
     }
 
     Py_ssize_t size = -1;
-    const char *formatted = _copy_string_obj_raw(formatted_obj, &size);
+    char *formatted = _copy_string_obj_raw(formatted_obj, &size);
     Py_DECREF(formatted_obj);
-    // We remove trailing the newline added by TracebackException.format().
-    assert(formatted[size-1] == '\n');
-    ((char *)formatted)[size-1] = '\0';
+    if (formatted == NULL || size == 0) {
+        return formatted;
+    }
+    assert(formatted[size] == '\0');
+    // Remove a trailing newline if needed.
+    if (formatted[size-1] == '\n') {
+        formatted[size-1] = '\0';
+    }
     return formatted;
 }