From ac8b5b6890006ee7254ea878866cb486ff835ecb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Gregory P. Smith" <68491+gpshead@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 05:08:33 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1/8] gh-143650: Fix importlib race condition on import failure
 (GH-143651)

Fix a race condition where a thread could receive a partially-initialized
module when another thread's import fails. The race occurs when:

1. Thread 1 starts importing, adds module to sys.modules
2. Thread 2 sees the module in sys.modules via the fast path
3. Thread 1's import fails, removes module from sys.modules
4. Thread 2 returns a stale module reference not in sys.modules

The fix adds verification after the "skip lock" optimization in both Python
and C code paths to check if the module is still in sys.modules. If the
module was removed (due to import failure), we retry the import so the
caller receives the actual exception from the import failure rather than
a stale module reference.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 Lib/importlib/_bootstrap.py                   |  8 +++
 .../test_importlib/test_threaded_import.py    | 65 +++++++++++++++++++
 ...-01-10-10-58-36.gh-issue-143650.k8mR4x.rst |  2 +
 Python/import.c                               | 43 +++++++++++-
 4 files changed, 117 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-01-10-10-58-36.gh-issue-143650.k8mR4x.rst

diff --git a/Lib/importlib/_bootstrap.py b/Lib/importlib/_bootstrap.py
index 07d938b18fe727..cfcebb7309803c 100644
--- a/Lib/importlib/_bootstrap.py
+++ b/Lib/importlib/_bootstrap.py
@@ -1280,6 +1280,14 @@ def _find_and_load(name, import_):
         # NOTE: because of this, initializing must be set *before*
         # putting the new module in sys.modules.
         _lock_unlock_module(name)
+    else:
+        # Verify the module is still in sys.modules. Another thread may have
+        # removed it (due to import failure) between our sys.modules.get()
+        # above and the _initializing check. If removed, we retry the import
+        # to preserve normal semantics: the caller gets the exception from
+        # the actual import failure rather than a synthetic error.
+        if sys.modules.get(name) is not module:
+            return _find_and_load(name, import_)
 
     if module is None:
         message = f'import of {name} halted; None in sys.modules'
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_importlib/test_threaded_import.py b/Lib/test/test_importlib/test_threaded_import.py
index f78dc399720c86..8b793ebf29bcae 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_importlib/test_threaded_import.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_importlib/test_threaded_import.py
@@ -259,6 +259,71 @@ def test_multiprocessing_pool_circular_import(self, size):
                           'partial', 'pool_in_threads.py')
         script_helper.assert_python_ok(fn)
 
+    def test_import_failure_race_condition(self):
+        # Regression test for race condition where a thread could receive
+        # a partially-initialized module when another thread's import fails.
+        # The race occurs when:
+        # 1. Thread 1 starts importing, adds module to sys.modules
+        # 2. Thread 2 sees the module in sys.modules
+        # 3. Thread 1's import fails, removes module from sys.modules
+        # 4. Thread 2 should NOT return the stale module reference
+        os.mkdir(TESTFN)
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, TESTFN)
+        sys.path.insert(0, TESTFN)
+        self.addCleanup(sys.path.remove, TESTFN)
+
+        # Create a module that partially initializes then fails
+        modname = 'failing_import_module'
+        with open(os.path.join(TESTFN, modname + '.py'), 'w') as f:
+            f.write('''
+import time
+PARTIAL_ATTR = 'initialized'
+time.sleep(0.05)  # Widen race window
+raise RuntimeError("Intentional import failure")
+''')
+        self.addCleanup(forget, modname)
+        importlib.invalidate_caches()
+
+        errors = []
+        results = []
+
+        def do_import(delay=0):
+            time.sleep(delay)
+            try:
+                mod = __import__(modname)
+                # If we got a module, verify it's in sys.modules
+                if modname not in sys.modules:
+                    errors.append(
+                        f"Got module {mod!r} but {modname!r} not in sys.modules"
+                    )
+                elif sys.modules[modname] is not mod:
+                    errors.append(
+                        f"Got different module than sys.modules[{modname!r}]"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    results.append(('success', mod))
+            except RuntimeError:
+                results.append(('RuntimeError',))
+            except Exception as e:
+                errors.append(f"Unexpected exception: {e}")
+
+        # Run multiple iterations to increase chance of hitting the race
+        for _ in range(10):
+            errors.clear()
+            results.clear()
+            if modname in sys.modules:
+                del sys.modules[modname]
+
+            t1 = threading.Thread(target=do_import, args=(0,))
+            t2 = threading.Thread(target=do_import, args=(0.01,))
+            t1.start()
+            t2.start()
+            t1.join()
+            t2.join()
+
+            # Neither thread should have errors about stale modules
+            self.assertEqual(errors, [], f"Race condition detected: {errors}")
+
 
 def setUpModule():
     thread_info = threading_helper.threading_setup()
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-01-10-10-58-36.gh-issue-143650.k8mR4x.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-01-10-10-58-36.gh-issue-143650.k8mR4x.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7bee70a828acfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-01-10-10-58-36.gh-issue-143650.k8mR4x.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Fix race condition in :mod:`importlib` where a thread could receive a stale
+module reference when another thread's import fails.
diff --git a/Python/import.c b/Python/import.c
index e7f803d84f1367..c9e892c96b0339 100644
--- a/Python/import.c
+++ b/Python/import.c
@@ -297,12 +297,32 @@ PyImport_GetModule(PyObject *name)
     mod = import_get_module(tstate, name);
     if (mod != NULL && mod != Py_None) {
         if (import_ensure_initialized(tstate->interp, mod, name) < 0) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        /* Verify the module is still in sys.modules. Another thread may have
+           removed it (due to import failure) between our import_get_module()
+           call and the _initializing check in import_ensure_initialized(). */
+        PyObject *mod_check = import_get_module(tstate, name);
+        if (mod_check != mod) {
+            Py_XDECREF(mod_check);
+            if (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
+                goto error;
+            }
+            /* The module was removed or replaced. Return NULL to report
+               "not found" rather than trying to keep up with racing
+               modifications to sys.modules; returning the new value would
+               require looping to redo the ensure_initialized check. */
             Py_DECREF(mod);
-            remove_importlib_frames(tstate);
             return NULL;
         }
+        Py_DECREF(mod_check);
     }
     return mod;
+
+error:
+    Py_DECREF(mod);
+    remove_importlib_frames(tstate);
+    return NULL;
 }
 
 /* Get the module object corresponding to a module name.
@@ -3897,6 +3917,27 @@ PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject(PyObject *name, PyObject *globals,
         if (import_ensure_initialized(tstate->interp, mod, abs_name) < 0) {
             goto error;
         }
+        /* Verify the module is still in sys.modules. Another thread may have
+           removed it (due to import failure) between our import_get_module()
+           call and the _initializing check in import_ensure_initialized().
+           If removed, we retry the import to preserve normal semantics: the
+           caller gets the exception from the actual import failure rather
+           than a synthetic error. */
+        PyObject *mod_check = import_get_module(tstate, abs_name);
+        if (mod_check != mod) {
+            Py_XDECREF(mod_check);
+            if (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
+                goto error;
+            }
+            Py_DECREF(mod);
+            mod = import_find_and_load(tstate, abs_name);
+            if (mod == NULL) {
+                goto error;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            Py_DECREF(mod_check);
+        }
     }
     else {
         Py_XDECREF(mod);

From 40a82abe9335e78e34ca564243499490e50b8888 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Aarni Koskela <akx@iki.fi>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 15:10:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2/8] Clarify the docs for `args` in asyncio callbacks
 (#143873)

Co-authored-by: Kumar Aditya <kumaraditya@python.org>
---
 Doc/library/asyncio-eventloop.rst | 15 +++++++++------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Doc/library/asyncio-eventloop.rst b/Doc/library/asyncio-eventloop.rst
index 72f484fd1cbe77..bdb24b3a58c267 100644
--- a/Doc/library/asyncio-eventloop.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/asyncio-eventloop.rst
@@ -297,8 +297,9 @@ clocks to track time.
    are called is undefined.
 
    The optional positional *args* will be passed to the callback when
-   it is called. If you want the callback to be called with keyword
-   arguments use :func:`functools.partial`.
+   it is called. Use :func:`functools.partial`
+   :ref:`to pass keyword arguments <asyncio-pass-keywords>` to
+   *callback*.
 
    An optional keyword-only *context* argument allows specifying a
    custom :class:`contextvars.Context` for the *callback* to run in.
@@ -1034,8 +1035,8 @@ Watching file descriptors
 .. method:: loop.add_writer(fd, callback, *args)
 
    Start monitoring the *fd* file descriptor for write availability and
-   invoke *callback* with the specified arguments once *fd* is available for
-   writing.
+   invoke *callback* with the specified arguments *args* once *fd* is
+   available for writing.
 
    Any preexisting callback registered for *fd* is cancelled and replaced by
    *callback*.
@@ -1308,7 +1309,8 @@ Unix signals
 
 .. method:: loop.add_signal_handler(signum, callback, *args)
 
-   Set *callback* as the handler for the *signum* signal.
+   Set *callback* as the handler for the *signum* signal,
+   passing *args* as positional arguments.
 
    The callback will be invoked by *loop*, along with other queued callbacks
    and runnable coroutines of that event loop. Unlike signal handlers
@@ -1343,7 +1345,8 @@ Executing code in thread or process pools
 
 .. awaitablemethod:: loop.run_in_executor(executor, func, *args)
 
-   Arrange for *func* to be called in the specified executor.
+   Arrange for *func* to be called in the specified executor
+   passing *args* as positional arguments.
 
    The *executor* argument should be an :class:`concurrent.futures.Executor`
    instance. The default executor is used if *executor* is ``None``.

From 6c8ca1c3783097b5db0fc40a7b625e2f7cc1fc5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sacul <183588943+Sacul0457@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 22:33:32 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 3/8] gh-134584: Optimize `_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE`
 (GH-144659)

---
 Include/internal/pycore_opcode_metadata.h     |  4 +-
 Include/internal/pycore_uop_ids.h             |  2 +-
 Include/internal/pycore_uop_metadata.h        |  8 ++--
 Lib/test/test_capi/test_opt.py                | 17 +++++++++
 ...-02-10-12-08-58.gh-issue-134584.P9LDy5.rst |  1 +
 Modules/_testinternalcapi/test_cases.c.h      | 38 +++++++++++--------
 Python/bytecodes.c                            | 12 ++++--
 Python/executor_cases.c.h                     | 26 +++++--------
 Python/generated_cases.c.h                    | 38 +++++++++++--------
 Python/optimizer_bytecodes.c                  |  6 +++
 Python/optimizer_cases.c.h                    | 16 ++++++--
 11 files changed, 108 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-02-10-12-08-58.gh-issue-134584.P9LDy5.rst

diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_opcode_metadata.h b/Include/internal/pycore_opcode_metadata.h
index 98d9c2b51a7834..4c1e7aebd0d291 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_opcode_metadata.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_opcode_metadata.h
@@ -1103,7 +1103,7 @@ const struct opcode_metadata _PyOpcode_opcode_metadata[267] = {
     [BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_DICT] = { true, INSTR_FMT_IXC0000, HAS_EXIT_FLAG | HAS_ERROR_FLAG | HAS_ERROR_NO_POP_FLAG | HAS_ESCAPES_FLAG },
     [BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_GETITEM] = { true, INSTR_FMT_IXC0000, HAS_DEOPT_FLAG | HAS_SYNC_SP_FLAG | HAS_NEEDS_GUARD_IP_FLAG | HAS_RECORDS_VALUE_FLAG },
     [BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_INT] = { true, INSTR_FMT_IXC0000, HAS_DEOPT_FLAG | HAS_EXIT_FLAG | HAS_ESCAPES_FLAG },
-    [BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE] = { true, INSTR_FMT_IXC0000, HAS_EXIT_FLAG | HAS_ERROR_FLAG | HAS_ESCAPES_FLAG },
+    [BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE] = { true, INSTR_FMT_IXC0000, HAS_EXIT_FLAG | HAS_ERROR_FLAG | HAS_ERROR_NO_POP_FLAG | HAS_ESCAPES_FLAG },
     [BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_STR_INT] = { true, INSTR_FMT_IXC0000, HAS_DEOPT_FLAG | HAS_EXIT_FLAG },
     [BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_TUPLE_INT] = { true, INSTR_FMT_IXC0000, HAS_DEOPT_FLAG | HAS_EXIT_FLAG | HAS_ESCAPES_FLAG },
     [BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_USTR_INT] = { true, INSTR_FMT_IXC0000, HAS_DEOPT_FLAG | HAS_EXIT_FLAG },
@@ -1356,7 +1356,7 @@ _PyOpcode_macro_expansion[256] = {
     [BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_DICT] = { .nuops = 4, .uops = { { _GUARD_NOS_DICT, OPARG_SIMPLE, 0 }, { _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_DICT, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 }, { _POP_TOP, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 }, { _POP_TOP, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 } } },
     [BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_GETITEM] = { .nuops = 5, .uops = { { _RECORD_NOS, OPARG_SIMPLE, 0 }, { _CHECK_PEP_523, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 }, { _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_CHECK_FUNC, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 }, { _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_INIT_CALL, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 }, { _PUSH_FRAME, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 } } },
     [BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_INT] = { .nuops = 5, .uops = { { _GUARD_TOS_INT, OPARG_SIMPLE, 0 }, { _GUARD_NOS_LIST, OPARG_SIMPLE, 0 }, { _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_INT, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 }, { _POP_TOP_INT, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 }, { _POP_TOP, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 } } },
-    [BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE] = { .nuops = 3, .uops = { { _GUARD_TOS_SLICE, OPARG_SIMPLE, 0 }, { _GUARD_NOS_LIST, OPARG_SIMPLE, 0 }, { _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 } } },
+    [BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE] = { .nuops = 5, .uops = { { _GUARD_TOS_SLICE, OPARG_SIMPLE, 0 }, { _GUARD_NOS_LIST, OPARG_SIMPLE, 0 }, { _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 }, { _POP_TOP, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 }, { _POP_TOP, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 } } },
     [BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_STR_INT] = { .nuops = 5, .uops = { { _GUARD_TOS_INT, OPARG_SIMPLE, 0 }, { _GUARD_NOS_COMPACT_ASCII, OPARG_SIMPLE, 0 }, { _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_STR_INT, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 }, { _POP_TOP_INT, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 }, { _POP_TOP_UNICODE, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 } } },
     [BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_TUPLE_INT] = { .nuops = 6, .uops = { { _GUARD_TOS_INT, OPARG_SIMPLE, 0 }, { _GUARD_NOS_TUPLE, OPARG_SIMPLE, 0 }, { _GUARD_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_TUPLE_INT_BOUNDS, OPARG_SIMPLE, 0 }, { _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_TUPLE_INT, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 }, { _POP_TOP_INT, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 }, { _POP_TOP, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 } } },
     [BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_USTR_INT] = { .nuops = 5, .uops = { { _GUARD_TOS_INT, OPARG_SIMPLE, 0 }, { _GUARD_NOS_UNICODE, OPARG_SIMPLE, 0 }, { _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_USTR_INT, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 }, { _POP_TOP_INT, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 }, { _POP_TOP_UNICODE, OPARG_SIMPLE, 5 } } },
diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_uop_ids.h b/Include/internal/pycore_uop_ids.h
index f9313621756b45..94b05b736ed277 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_uop_ids.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_uop_ids.h
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ extern "C" {
 #define _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_INIT_CALL_r21 611
 #define _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_INIT_CALL_r31 612
 #define _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_INT_r23 613
-#define _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE_r21 614
+#define _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE_r23 614
 #define _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_STR_INT_r23 615
 #define _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_TUPLE_INT_r03 616
 #define _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_TUPLE_INT_r13 617
diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_uop_metadata.h b/Include/internal/pycore_uop_metadata.h
index 0835ee5c9499d1..5a47eae7a9abb1 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_uop_metadata.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_uop_metadata.h
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ const uint32_t _PyUop_Flags[MAX_UOP_ID+1] = {
     [_BINARY_SLICE] = HAS_ERROR_FLAG | HAS_ESCAPES_FLAG,
     [_STORE_SLICE] = HAS_ERROR_FLAG | HAS_ESCAPES_FLAG,
     [_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_INT] = HAS_DEOPT_FLAG | HAS_ESCAPES_FLAG,
-    [_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE] = HAS_ERROR_FLAG | HAS_ESCAPES_FLAG,
+    [_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE] = HAS_ERROR_FLAG | HAS_ERROR_NO_POP_FLAG | HAS_ESCAPES_FLAG,
     [_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_STR_INT] = HAS_DEOPT_FLAG,
     [_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_USTR_INT] = HAS_DEOPT_FLAG,
     [_GUARD_NOS_TUPLE] = HAS_EXIT_FLAG,
@@ -1159,7 +1159,7 @@ const _PyUopCachingInfo _PyUop_Caching[MAX_UOP_ID+1] = {
         .entries = {
             { -1, -1, -1 },
             { -1, -1, -1 },
-            { 1, 2, _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE_r21 },
+            { 3, 2, _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE_r23 },
             { -1, -1, -1 },
         },
     },
@@ -3702,7 +3702,7 @@ const uint16_t _PyUop_Uncached[MAX_UOP_REGS_ID+1] = {
     [_BINARY_SLICE_r31] = _BINARY_SLICE,
     [_STORE_SLICE_r30] = _STORE_SLICE,
     [_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_INT_r23] = _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_INT,
-    [_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE_r21] = _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE,
+    [_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE_r23] = _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE,
     [_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_STR_INT_r23] = _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_STR_INT,
     [_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_USTR_INT_r23] = _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_USTR_INT,
     [_GUARD_NOS_TUPLE_r02] = _GUARD_NOS_TUPLE,
@@ -4297,7 +4297,7 @@ const char *const _PyOpcode_uop_name[MAX_UOP_REGS_ID+1] = {
     [_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_INT] = "_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_INT",
     [_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_INT_r23] = "_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_INT_r23",
     [_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE] = "_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE",
-    [_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE_r21] = "_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE_r21",
+    [_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE_r23] = "_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE_r23",
     [_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_STR_INT] = "_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_STR_INT",
     [_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_STR_INT_r23] = "_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_STR_INT_r23",
     [_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_TUPLE_INT] = "_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_TUPLE_INT",
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_capi/test_opt.py b/Lib/test/test_capi/test_opt.py
index 765cb69dc04df1..2cad53d9c0728b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_capi/test_opt.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_capi/test_opt.py
@@ -3660,6 +3660,23 @@ def testfunc(n):
         self.assertLessEqual(count_ops(ex, "_POP_TOP_INT"), 1)
         self.assertIn("_POP_TOP_NOP", uops)
 
+    def test_binary_subscr_list_slice(self):
+        def testfunc(n):
+            x = 0
+            for _ in range(n):
+                l = [1, 2, 3]
+                x += l[0:1][0]
+            return x
+
+        res, ex = self._run_with_optimizer(testfunc, TIER2_THRESHOLD)
+        self.assertEqual(res, TIER2_THRESHOLD)
+        uops = get_opnames(ex)
+
+        self.assertIn("_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE", uops)
+        self.assertNotIn("_GUARD_TOS_LIST", uops)
+        self.assertEqual(count_ops(ex, "_POP_TOP"), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(count_ops(ex, "_POP_TOP_NOP"), 4)
+
     def test_is_op(self):
         def test_is_false(n):
             a = object()
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-02-10-12-08-58.gh-issue-134584.P9LDy5.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-02-10-12-08-58.gh-issue-134584.P9LDy5.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fab50180bb6219
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-02-10-12-08-58.gh-issue-134584.P9LDy5.rst
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Optimize and eliminate ref-counting in ``_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE``
diff --git a/Modules/_testinternalcapi/test_cases.c.h b/Modules/_testinternalcapi/test_cases.c.h
index dda3bc53dc5e0d..35b1bc4e17c5d5 100644
--- a/Modules/_testinternalcapi/test_cases.c.h
+++ b/Modules/_testinternalcapi/test_cases.c.h
@@ -892,6 +892,9 @@
             _PyStackRef list_st;
             _PyStackRef sub_st;
             _PyStackRef res;
+            _PyStackRef ls;
+            _PyStackRef ss;
+            _PyStackRef value;
             // _GUARD_TOS_SLICE
             {
                 tos = stack_pointer[-1];
@@ -925,26 +928,31 @@
                 PyObject *res_o = _PyList_SliceSubscript(list, sub);
                 stack_pointer = _PyFrame_GetStackPointer(frame);
                 STAT_INC(BINARY_OP, hit);
-                _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
-                _PyStackRef tmp = sub_st;
-                sub_st = PyStackRef_NULL;
-                stack_pointer[-1] = sub_st;
-                PyStackRef_CLOSE(tmp);
-                tmp = list_st;
-                list_st = PyStackRef_NULL;
-                stack_pointer[-2] = list_st;
-                PyStackRef_CLOSE(tmp);
-                stack_pointer = _PyFrame_GetStackPointer(frame);
-                stack_pointer += -2;
-                ASSERT_WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS(__FILE__, __LINE__);
                 if (res_o == NULL) {
                     JUMP_TO_LABEL(error);
                 }
                 res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
+                ls = list_st;
+                ss = sub_st;
+            }
+            // _POP_TOP
+            {
+                value = ss;
+                stack_pointer[-2] = res;
+                stack_pointer[-1] = ls;
+                _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
+                PyStackRef_XCLOSE(value);
+                stack_pointer = _PyFrame_GetStackPointer(frame);
+            }
+            // _POP_TOP
+            {
+                value = ls;
+                stack_pointer += -1;
+                ASSERT_WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS(__FILE__, __LINE__);
+                _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
+                PyStackRef_XCLOSE(value);
+                stack_pointer = _PyFrame_GetStackPointer(frame);
             }
-            stack_pointer[0] = res;
-            stack_pointer += 1;
-            ASSERT_WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS(__FILE__, __LINE__);
             DISPATCH();
         }
 
diff --git a/Python/bytecodes.c b/Python/bytecodes.c
index bd22599aef725d..e1884ac38c016d 100644
--- a/Python/bytecodes.c
+++ b/Python/bytecodes.c
@@ -938,9 +938,9 @@ dummy_func(
         }
 
         macro(BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE) =
-            _GUARD_TOS_SLICE + _GUARD_NOS_LIST + unused/5 + _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE;
+            _GUARD_TOS_SLICE + _GUARD_NOS_LIST + unused/5 + _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE + POP_TOP + POP_TOP;
 
-        op(_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE, (list_st, sub_st -- res)) {
+        op(_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE, (list_st, sub_st -- res, ls, ss)) {
             PyObject *sub = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(sub_st);
             PyObject *list = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(list_st);
 
@@ -949,9 +949,13 @@ dummy_func(
 
             PyObject *res_o = _PyList_SliceSubscript(list, sub);
             STAT_INC(BINARY_OP, hit);
-            DECREF_INPUTS();
-            ERROR_IF(res_o == NULL);
+            if (res_o == NULL) {
+                ERROR_NO_POP();
+            }
             res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
+            ls = list_st;
+            ss = sub_st;
+            INPUTS_DEAD();
         }
 
         macro(BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_STR_INT) =
diff --git a/Python/executor_cases.c.h b/Python/executor_cases.c.h
index f8de66cbce3a9f..f976e150451d49 100644
--- a/Python/executor_cases.c.h
+++ b/Python/executor_cases.c.h
@@ -5368,12 +5368,14 @@
             break;
         }
 
-        case _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE_r21: {
+        case _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE_r23: {
             CHECK_CURRENT_CACHED_VALUES(2);
             assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS_IGNORING_CACHE());
             _PyStackRef sub_st;
             _PyStackRef list_st;
             _PyStackRef res;
+            _PyStackRef ls;
+            _PyStackRef ss;
             _PyStackRef _stack_item_0 = _tos_cache0;
             _PyStackRef _stack_item_1 = _tos_cache1;
             sub_st = _stack_item_1;
@@ -5390,27 +5392,19 @@
             PyObject *res_o = _PyList_SliceSubscript(list, sub);
             stack_pointer = _PyFrame_GetStackPointer(frame);
             STAT_INC(BINARY_OP, hit);
-            _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
-            _PyStackRef tmp = sub_st;
-            sub_st = PyStackRef_NULL;
-            stack_pointer[-1] = sub_st;
-            PyStackRef_CLOSE(tmp);
-            tmp = list_st;
-            list_st = PyStackRef_NULL;
-            stack_pointer[-2] = list_st;
-            PyStackRef_CLOSE(tmp);
-            stack_pointer = _PyFrame_GetStackPointer(frame);
-            stack_pointer += -2;
-            ASSERT_WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS(__FILE__, __LINE__);
             if (res_o == NULL) {
                 SET_CURRENT_CACHED_VALUES(0);
                 JUMP_TO_ERROR();
             }
             res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
+            ls = list_st;
+            ss = sub_st;
+            _tos_cache2 = ss;
+            _tos_cache1 = ls;
             _tos_cache0 = res;
-            _tos_cache1 = PyStackRef_ZERO_BITS;
-            _tos_cache2 = PyStackRef_ZERO_BITS;
-            SET_CURRENT_CACHED_VALUES(1);
+            SET_CURRENT_CACHED_VALUES(3);
+            stack_pointer += -2;
+            ASSERT_WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS(__FILE__, __LINE__);
             assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS_IGNORING_CACHE());
             break;
         }
diff --git a/Python/generated_cases.c.h b/Python/generated_cases.c.h
index 4cc9d9e03a545d..202bf5edcf09df 100644
--- a/Python/generated_cases.c.h
+++ b/Python/generated_cases.c.h
@@ -892,6 +892,9 @@
             _PyStackRef list_st;
             _PyStackRef sub_st;
             _PyStackRef res;
+            _PyStackRef ls;
+            _PyStackRef ss;
+            _PyStackRef value;
             // _GUARD_TOS_SLICE
             {
                 tos = stack_pointer[-1];
@@ -925,26 +928,31 @@
                 PyObject *res_o = _PyList_SliceSubscript(list, sub);
                 stack_pointer = _PyFrame_GetStackPointer(frame);
                 STAT_INC(BINARY_OP, hit);
-                _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
-                _PyStackRef tmp = sub_st;
-                sub_st = PyStackRef_NULL;
-                stack_pointer[-1] = sub_st;
-                PyStackRef_CLOSE(tmp);
-                tmp = list_st;
-                list_st = PyStackRef_NULL;
-                stack_pointer[-2] = list_st;
-                PyStackRef_CLOSE(tmp);
-                stack_pointer = _PyFrame_GetStackPointer(frame);
-                stack_pointer += -2;
-                ASSERT_WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS(__FILE__, __LINE__);
                 if (res_o == NULL) {
                     JUMP_TO_LABEL(error);
                 }
                 res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
+                ls = list_st;
+                ss = sub_st;
+            }
+            // _POP_TOP
+            {
+                value = ss;
+                stack_pointer[-2] = res;
+                stack_pointer[-1] = ls;
+                _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
+                PyStackRef_XCLOSE(value);
+                stack_pointer = _PyFrame_GetStackPointer(frame);
+            }
+            // _POP_TOP
+            {
+                value = ls;
+                stack_pointer += -1;
+                ASSERT_WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS(__FILE__, __LINE__);
+                _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
+                PyStackRef_XCLOSE(value);
+                stack_pointer = _PyFrame_GetStackPointer(frame);
             }
-            stack_pointer[0] = res;
-            stack_pointer += 1;
-            ASSERT_WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS(__FILE__, __LINE__);
             DISPATCH();
         }
 
diff --git a/Python/optimizer_bytecodes.c b/Python/optimizer_bytecodes.c
index e82770742a356c..7c928e6502a412 100644
--- a/Python/optimizer_bytecodes.c
+++ b/Python/optimizer_bytecodes.c
@@ -422,6 +422,12 @@ dummy_func(void) {
         ss = sub_st;
     }
 
+    op(_BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE, (list_st, sub_st -- res, ls, ss)) {
+        res = sym_new_type(ctx, &PyList_Type);
+        ls = list_st;
+        ss = sub_st;
+    }
+
     op(_TO_BOOL, (value -- res)) {
         int already_bool = optimize_to_bool(this_instr, ctx, value, &res, false);
         if (!already_bool) {
diff --git a/Python/optimizer_cases.c.h b/Python/optimizer_cases.c.h
index cc1d28f49442b4..24ae511ebcde31 100644
--- a/Python/optimizer_cases.c.h
+++ b/Python/optimizer_cases.c.h
@@ -957,11 +957,21 @@
         }
 
         case _BINARY_OP_SUBSCR_LIST_SLICE: {
+            JitOptRef sub_st;
+            JitOptRef list_st;
             JitOptRef res;
-            res = sym_new_not_null(ctx);
-            CHECK_STACK_BOUNDS(-1);
+            JitOptRef ls;
+            JitOptRef ss;
+            sub_st = stack_pointer[-1];
+            list_st = stack_pointer[-2];
+            res = sym_new_type(ctx, &PyList_Type);
+            ls = list_st;
+            ss = sub_st;
+            CHECK_STACK_BOUNDS(1);
             stack_pointer[-2] = res;
-            stack_pointer += -1;
+            stack_pointer[-1] = ls;
+            stack_pointer[0] = ss;
+            stack_pointer += 1;
             ASSERT_WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS(__FILE__, __LINE__);
             break;
         }

From cc81707e406c49c63afc18048e1a221d796ce638 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nybblista <170842536+nybblista@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 17:38:24 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 4/8] gh-144629: Add test for the PyFunction_GetAnnotations()
 function (#144630)

---
 Lib/test/test_capi/test_function.py | 19 ++++++++++++++++++-
 Modules/_testcapi/function.c        |  8 ++++++++
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_capi/test_function.py b/Lib/test/test_capi/test_function.py
index 9dca377e28ba42..c1a278e5d4da91 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_capi/test_function.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_capi/test_function.py
@@ -307,10 +307,27 @@ def function_without_closure(): ...
             _testcapi.function_get_closure(function_without_closure), (1, 2))
         self.assertEqual(function_without_closure.__closure__, (1, 2))
 
+    def test_function_get_annotations(self):
+        # Test PyFunction_GetAnnotations()
+        def normal():
+            pass
+
+        def annofn(arg: int) -> str:
+            return f'arg = {arg}'
+
+        annotations = _testcapi.function_get_annotations(normal)
+        self.assertIsNone(annotations)
+
+        annotations = _testcapi.function_get_annotations(annofn)
+        self.assertIsInstance(annotations, dict)
+        self.assertEqual(annotations, annofn.__annotations__)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(SystemError):
+            _testcapi.function_get_annotations(None)
+
     # TODO: test PyFunction_New()
     # TODO: test PyFunction_NewWithQualName()
     # TODO: test PyFunction_SetVectorcall()
-    # TODO: test PyFunction_GetAnnotations()
     # TODO: test PyFunction_SetAnnotations()
     # TODO: test PyClassMethod_New()
     # TODO: test PyStaticMethod_New()
diff --git a/Modules/_testcapi/function.c b/Modules/_testcapi/function.c
index ec1ba508df2ce9..40767adbd3f14a 100644
--- a/Modules/_testcapi/function.c
+++ b/Modules/_testcapi/function.c
@@ -123,6 +123,13 @@ function_set_closure(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 }
 
 
+static PyObject *
+function_get_annotations(PyObject *self, PyObject *func)
+{
+    return Py_XNewRef(PyFunction_GetAnnotations(func));
+}
+
+
 static PyMethodDef test_methods[] = {
     {"function_get_code", function_get_code, METH_O, NULL},
     {"function_get_globals", function_get_globals, METH_O, NULL},
@@ -133,6 +140,7 @@ static PyMethodDef test_methods[] = {
     {"function_set_kw_defaults", function_set_kw_defaults, METH_VARARGS, NULL},
     {"function_get_closure", function_get_closure, METH_O, NULL},
     {"function_set_closure", function_set_closure, METH_VARARGS, NULL},
+    {"function_get_annotations", function_get_annotations, METH_O, NULL},
     {NULL},
 };
 

From 3dadc22a2796af7718f1aec02e30f100ac6553bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Victor Stinner <vstinner@python.org>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 15:47:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 5/8] gh-141563: Add missing cast to _PyDateTime_IMPORT()
 (#144667)

Fix compilation on C++.

Add test on PyDateTime_IMPORT in test_cext and test_cppext.
---
 Include/datetime.h                 |  2 +-
 Lib/test/test_cext/extension.c     | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 Lib/test/test_cppext/extension.cpp | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Include/datetime.h b/Include/datetime.h
index ed7e55009d2208..66e6c6e3ac3575 100644
--- a/Include/datetime.h
+++ b/Include/datetime.h
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ static PyDateTime_CAPI *PyDateTimeAPI = NULL;
 
 static inline PyDateTime_CAPI *
 _PyDateTime_IMPORT(void) {
-    PyDateTime_CAPI *val = _Py_atomic_load_ptr(&PyDateTimeAPI);
+    PyDateTime_CAPI *val = (PyDateTime_CAPI *)_Py_atomic_load_ptr(&PyDateTimeAPI);
     if (val == NULL) {
         PyDateTime_CAPI *capi = (PyDateTime_CAPI *)PyCapsule_Import(
             PyDateTime_CAPSULE_NAME, 0);
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_cext/extension.c b/Lib/test/test_cext/extension.c
index 0f668c1da32d6e..20c2b6e89d8e17 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_cext/extension.c
+++ b/Lib/test/test_cext/extension.c
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #endif
 
 #include "Python.h"
+#include "datetime.h"
 
 #ifdef TEST_INTERNAL_C_API
    // gh-135906: Check for compiler warnings in the internal C API.
@@ -50,8 +51,21 @@ _testcext_add(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(module), PyObject *args)
 }
 
 
+static PyObject *
+test_datetime(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(module), PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
+{
+    PyDateTime_IMPORT;
+    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+
 static PyMethodDef _testcext_methods[] = {
     {"add", _testcext_add, METH_VARARGS, _testcext_add_doc},
+    {"test_datetime", test_datetime, METH_NOARGS, NULL},
     {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}  // sentinel
 };
 
@@ -65,12 +79,18 @@ _testcext_exec(
 #endif
     )
 {
+    PyObject *result;
+
 #ifdef __STDC_VERSION__
     if (PyModule_AddIntMacro(module, __STDC_VERSION__) < 0) {
         return -1;
     }
 #endif
 
+    result = PyObject_CallMethod(module, "test_datetime", "");
+    if (!result) return -1;
+    Py_DECREF(result);
+
     // test Py_BUILD_ASSERT() and Py_BUILD_ASSERT_EXPR()
     Py_BUILD_ASSERT(sizeof(int) == sizeof(unsigned int));
     assert(Py_BUILD_ASSERT_EXPR(sizeof(int) == sizeof(unsigned int)) == 0);
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_cppext/extension.cpp b/Lib/test/test_cppext/extension.cpp
index b631ddad7201f0..51271250366429 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_cppext/extension.cpp
+++ b/Lib/test/test_cppext/extension.cpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #endif
 
 #include "Python.h"
+#include "datetime.h"
 
 #ifdef TEST_INTERNAL_C_API
    // gh-135906: Check for compiler warnings in the internal C API
@@ -228,11 +229,23 @@ test_virtual_object(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(module), PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
     Py_RETURN_NONE;
 }
 
+static PyObject *
+test_datetime(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(module), PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
+{
+    PyDateTime_IMPORT;
+    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
 static PyMethodDef _testcppext_methods[] = {
     {"add", _testcppext_add, METH_VARARGS, _testcppext_add_doc},
     {"test_api_casts", test_api_casts, METH_NOARGS, _Py_NULL},
     {"test_unicode", test_unicode, METH_NOARGS, _Py_NULL},
     {"test_virtual_object", test_virtual_object, METH_NOARGS, _Py_NULL},
+    {"test_datetime", test_datetime, METH_NOARGS, _Py_NULL},
     // Note: _testcppext_exec currently runs all test functions directly.
     // When adding a new one, add a call there.
 
@@ -261,6 +274,10 @@ _testcppext_exec(PyObject *module)
     if (!result) return -1;
     Py_DECREF(result);
 
+    result = PyObject_CallMethod(module, "test_datetime", "");
+    if (!result) return -1;
+    Py_DECREF(result);
+
     // test Py_BUILD_ASSERT() and Py_BUILD_ASSERT_EXPR()
     Py_BUILD_ASSERT(sizeof(int) == sizeof(unsigned int));
     assert(Py_BUILD_ASSERT_EXPR(sizeof(int) == sizeof(unsigned int)) == 0);

From 23d45f0c24ab4ed6fa9bf21ddced78650aa7ae30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Victor Stinner <vstinner@python.org>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 16:45:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 6/8] gh-141563: Don't test datetime.h with the limited C API
 (#144673)

Fix test_cext and test_cppext.
---
 Lib/test/test_cext/extension.c     | 3 +++
 Lib/test/test_cppext/extension.cpp | 3 +++
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_cext/extension.c b/Lib/test/test_cext/extension.c
index 20c2b6e89d8e17..28531b47383b85 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_cext/extension.c
+++ b/Lib/test/test_cext/extension.c
@@ -54,10 +54,13 @@ _testcext_add(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(module), PyObject *args)
 static PyObject *
 test_datetime(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(module), PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
 {
+    // datetime.h is excluded from the limited C API
+#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API
     PyDateTime_IMPORT;
     if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
         return NULL;
     }
+#endif
 
     Py_RETURN_NONE;
 }
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_cppext/extension.cpp b/Lib/test/test_cppext/extension.cpp
index 51271250366429..7d360f88fdd1f1 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_cppext/extension.cpp
+++ b/Lib/test/test_cppext/extension.cpp
@@ -232,10 +232,13 @@ test_virtual_object(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(module), PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
 static PyObject *
 test_datetime(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(module), PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
 {
+    // datetime.h is excluded from the limited C API
+#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API
     PyDateTime_IMPORT;
     if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
         return NULL;
     }
+#endif
 
     Py_RETURN_NONE;
 }

From b4a620d2d74ce6aef9c9a404353c701ca8d45028 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hugo van Kemenade <1324225+hugovk@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 18:49:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 7/8] gh-133879: Copyedit "What's new in Python 3.15" (#144661)

Co-authored-by: Stan Ulbrych <89152624+StanFromIreland@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 Doc/library/profiling.rst | 14 +++---
 Doc/whatsnew/3.15.rst     | 89 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 2 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Doc/library/profiling.rst b/Doc/library/profiling.rst
index 0df9a5120a5df0..9b58cae28ab781 100644
--- a/Doc/library/profiling.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/profiling.rst
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Choosing a profiler
 
 For most performance analysis, use the statistical profiler
 (:mod:`profiling.sampling`). It has minimal overhead, works for both development
-and production, and provides rich visualization options including flamegraphs,
+and production, and provides rich visualization options including flame graphs,
 heatmaps, GIL analysis, and more.
 
 Use the deterministic profiler (:mod:`profiling.tracing`) when you need **exact
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ The following table summarizes the key differences:
 +--------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
 | **Accuracy**       | Statistical estimate         | Exact call counts            |
 +--------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
-| **Output formats** | pstats, flamegraph, heatmap, | pstats                       |
+| **Output formats** | pstats, flame graph, heatmap,| pstats                       |
 |                    | gecko, collapsed             |                              |
 +--------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
 | **Profiling modes**| Wall-clock, CPU, GIL         | Wall-clock                   |
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ performance analysis tasks. Use it the same way you would use
 
 One of the main strengths of the sampling profiler is its variety of output
 formats. Beyond traditional pstats tables, it can generate interactive
-flamegraphs that visualize call hierarchies, line-level source heatmaps that
+flame graphs that visualize call hierarchies, line-level source heatmaps that
 show exactly where time is spent in your code, and Firefox Profiler output for
 timeline-based analysis.
 
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ command::
    python -m profiling.sampling run -m mypackage.module
 
 This runs the script under the profiler and prints a summary of where time was
-spent. For an interactive flamegraph::
+spent. For an interactive flame graph::
 
    python -m profiling.sampling run --flamegraph script.py
 
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ Understanding profile output
 
 Both profilers collect function-level statistics, though they present them in
 different formats. The sampling profiler offers multiple visualizations
-(flamegraphs, heatmaps, Firefox Profiler, pstats tables), while the
+(flame graphs, heatmaps, Firefox Profiler, pstats tables), while the
 deterministic profiler produces pstats-compatible output. Regardless of format,
 the underlying concepts are the same.
 
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ Key profiling concepts:
 
 **Caller/Callee relationships**
    Which functions called a given function (callers) and which functions it
-   called (callees). Flamegraphs visualize this as nested rectangles; pstats
+   called (callees). Flame graphs visualize this as nested rectangles; pstats
    can display it via the :meth:`~pstats.Stats.print_callers` and
    :meth:`~pstats.Stats.print_callees` methods.
 
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ continue to work without modification in all future Python versions.
 .. seealso::
 
    :mod:`profiling.sampling`
-      Statistical sampling profiler with flamegraphs, heatmaps, and GIL analysis.
+      Statistical sampling profiler with flame graphs, heatmaps, and GIL analysis.
       Recommended for most users.
 
    :mod:`profiling.tracing`
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/3.15.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/3.15.rst
index 68fa10b0c08d17..7ab549475152a9 100644
--- a/Doc/whatsnew/3.15.rst
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/3.15.rst
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ Summary -- Release highlights
 * :pep:`799`: :ref:`A dedicated profiling package for organizing Python
   profiling tools <whatsnew315-profiling-package>`
 * :pep:`799`: :ref:`Tachyon: High frequency statistical sampling profiler
-  profiling tools <whatsnew315-sampling-profiler>`
+  <whatsnew315-sampling-profiler>`
 * :pep:`798`: :ref:`Unpacking in Comprehensions
   <whatsnew315-unpacking-in-comprehensions>`
 * :pep:`686`: :ref:`Python now uses UTF-8 as the default encoding
@@ -161,13 +161,13 @@ Key features include:
     timing with direct and cumulative samples. Best for detailed analysis and integration with
     existing Python profiling tools.
   * ``--collapsed``: Generates collapsed stack traces (one line per stack). This format is
-    specifically designed for creating flamegraphs with external tools like Brendan Gregg's
+    specifically designed for creating flame graphs with external tools like Brendan Gregg's
     FlameGraph scripts or speedscope.
-  * ``--flamegraph``: Generates a self-contained interactive HTML flamegraph using D3.js.
-    Opens directly in your browser for immediate visual analysis. Flamegraphs show the call
+  * ``--flamegraph``: Generates a self-contained interactive HTML flame graph using D3.js.
+    Opens directly in your browser for immediate visual analysis. Flame graphs show the call
     hierarchy where width represents time spent, making it easy to spot bottlenecks at a glance.
-  * ``--gecko``: Generates Gecko Profiler format compatible with Firefox Profiler
-    (https://profiler.firefox.com). Upload the output to Firefox Profiler for advanced
+  * ``--gecko``: Generates Gecko Profiler format compatible with `Firefox Profiler
+    <https://profiler.firefox.com>`__. Upload the output to Firefox Profiler for advanced
     timeline-based analysis with features like stack charts, markers, and network activity.
   * ``--heatmap``: Generates an interactive HTML heatmap visualization with line-level sample
     counts. Creates a directory with per-file heatmaps showing exactly where time is spent
@@ -189,6 +189,7 @@ available output formats, profiling modes, and configuration options.
 
 (Contributed by Pablo Galindo and László Kiss Kollár in :gh:`135953` and :gh:`138122`.)
 
+
 .. _whatsnew315-unpacking-in-comprehensions:
 
 :pep:`798`: Unpacking in Comprehensions
@@ -229,6 +230,7 @@ agen() for x in a)``.
 
 (Contributed by Adam Hartz in :gh:`143055`.)
 
+
 .. _whatsnew315-improved-error-messages:
 
 Improved error messages
@@ -447,6 +449,7 @@ Other language changes
   making it a :term:`generic type`.
   (Contributed by James Hilton-Balfe in :gh:`128335`.)
 
+
 New modules
 ===========
 
@@ -476,6 +479,7 @@ argparse
   inline code when color output is enabled.
   (Contributed by Savannah Ostrowski in :gh:`142390`.)
 
+
 base64
 ------
 
@@ -488,6 +492,7 @@ base64
 * Added the *ignorechars* parameter in :func:`~base64.b64decode`.
   (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`144001`.)
 
+
 binascii
 --------
 
@@ -526,6 +531,7 @@ collections
   between :class:`~collections.Counter` objects.
   (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in :gh:`138682`.)
 
+
 collections.abc
 ---------------
 
@@ -581,7 +587,6 @@ dbm
   (Contributed by Andrea Oliveri in :gh:`134004`.)
 
 
-
 difflib
 -------
 
@@ -667,8 +672,10 @@ math
 mimetypes
 ---------
 
-* Add ``application/dicom`` MIME type for ``.dcm`` extension. (Contributed by Benedikt Johannes in :gh:`144217`.)
-* Add ``application/node`` MIME type for ``.cjs`` extension. (Contributed by John Franey in :gh:`140937`.)
+* Add ``application/dicom`` MIME type for ``.dcm`` extension.
+  (Contributed by Benedikt Johannes in :gh:`144217`.)
+* Add ``application/node`` MIME type for ``.cjs`` extension.
+  (Contributed by John Franey in :gh:`140937`.)
 * Add ``application/toml``. (Contributed by Gil Forcada in :gh:`139959`.)
 * Add ``image/jxl``. (Contributed by Foolbar in :gh:`144213`.)
 * Rename ``application/x-texinfo`` to ``application/texinfo``.
@@ -748,16 +755,16 @@ sqlite3
 
 * The :ref:`command-line interface <sqlite3-cli>` has several new features:
 
-   * SQL keyword completion on <tab>.
-     (Contributed by Long Tan in :gh:`133393`.)
+  * SQL keyword completion on <tab>.
+    (Contributed by Long Tan in :gh:`133393`.)
 
-   * Prompts, error messages, and help text are now colored.
-     This is enabled by default, see :ref:`using-on-controlling-color` for
-     details.
-     (Contributed by Stan Ulbrych and Łukasz Langa in :gh:`133461`.)
+  * Prompts, error messages, and help text are now colored.
+    This is enabled by default, see :ref:`using-on-controlling-color` for
+    details.
+    (Contributed by Stan Ulbrych and Łukasz Langa in :gh:`133461`.)
 
-   * Table, index, trigger, view, column, function, and schema completion on <tab>.
-     (Contributed by Long Tan in :gh:`136101`.)
+  * Table, index, trigger, view, column, function, and schema completion on <tab>.
+    (Contributed by Long Tan in :gh:`136101`.)
 
 
 ssl
@@ -769,21 +776,21 @@ ssl
 
 * Added new methods for managing groups used for SSL key agreement
 
-   * :meth:`ssl.SSLContext.set_groups` sets the groups allowed for doing
-     key agreement, extending the previous
-     :meth:`ssl.SSLContext.set_ecdh_curve` method.
-     This new API provides the ability to list multiple groups and
-     supports fixed-field and post-quantum groups in addition to ECDH
-     curves. This method can also be used to control what key shares
-     are sent in the TLS handshake.
-   * :meth:`ssl.SSLSocket.group` returns the group selected for doing key
-     agreement on the current connection after the TLS handshake completes.
-     This call requires OpenSSL 3.2 or later.
-   * :meth:`ssl.SSLContext.get_groups` returns a list of all available key
-     agreement groups compatible with the minimum and maximum TLS versions
-     currently set in the context. This call requires OpenSSL 3.5 or later.
-
-   (Contributed by Ron Frederick in :gh:`136306`.)
+  * :meth:`ssl.SSLContext.set_groups` sets the groups allowed for doing
+    key agreement, extending the previous
+    :meth:`ssl.SSLContext.set_ecdh_curve` method.
+    This new API provides the ability to list multiple groups and
+    supports fixed-field and post-quantum groups in addition to ECDH
+    curves. This method can also be used to control what key shares
+    are sent in the TLS handshake.
+  * :meth:`ssl.SSLSocket.group` returns the group selected for doing key
+    agreement on the current connection after the TLS handshake completes.
+    This call requires OpenSSL 3.2 or later.
+  * :meth:`ssl.SSLContext.get_groups` returns a list of all available key
+    agreement groups compatible with the minimum and maximum TLS versions
+    currently set in the context. This call requires OpenSSL 3.5 or later.
+
+  (Contributed by Ron Frederick in :gh:`136306`.)
 
 * Added a new method :meth:`ssl.SSLContext.set_ciphersuites` for setting TLS 1.3
   ciphers. For TLS 1.2 or earlier, :meth:`ssl.SSLContext.set_ciphers` should
@@ -807,7 +814,8 @@ ssl
     selected for the server to complete the TLS handshake on the current
     connection. This call requires OpenSSL 3.5 or later.
 
-   (Contributed by Ron Frederick in :gh:`138252`.)
+  (Contributed by Ron Frederick in :gh:`138252`.)
+
 
 subprocess
 ----------
@@ -824,6 +832,7 @@ subprocess
   traditional busy loop (non-blocking call and short sleeps).
   (Contributed by Giampaolo Rodola in :gh:`83069`).
 
+
 symtable
 --------
 
@@ -879,18 +888,18 @@ tkinter
   arguments: *nolinestop* which allows the search to
   continue across line boundaries;
   and *strictlimits* which restricts the search to within the specified range.
-  (Contributed by Rihaan Meher in :gh:`130848`)
+  (Contributed by Rihaan Meher in :gh:`130848`.)
 
 * A new method :meth:`!tkinter.Text.search_all` has been introduced.
   This method allows for searching for all matches of a pattern
   using Tcl's ``-all`` and ``-overlap`` options.
-  (Contributed by Rihaan Meher in :gh:`130848`)
+  (Contributed by Rihaan Meher in :gh:`130848`.)
 
 * Added new methods :meth:`!pack_content`, :meth:`!place_content` and
   :meth:`!grid_content` which use Tk commands with new names (introduced
   in Tk 8.6) instead of :meth:`!*_slaves` methods which use Tk commands
   with outdated names.
-  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`143754`)
+  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`143754`.)
 
 
 .. _whatsnew315-tomllib-1-1-0:
@@ -1060,6 +1069,7 @@ Optimizations
   (Contributed by Chris Eibl, Ken Jin, and Brandt Bucher in :gh:`143068`.
   Special thanks to the MSVC team including Hulon Jenkins.)
 
+
 base64 & binascii
 -----------------
 
@@ -1072,6 +1082,7 @@ base64 & binascii
   two orders of magnitude less memory.
   (Contributed by James Seo and Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`101178`.)
 
+
 csv
 ---
 
@@ -1202,7 +1213,7 @@ importlib.resources
 
 * Removed deprecated ``package`` parameter
   from :func:`importlib.resources.files` function.
-  (Contributed by Semyon Moroz in :gh:`138044`)
+  (Contributed by Semyon Moroz in :gh:`138044`.)
 
 
 pathlib
@@ -1453,7 +1464,7 @@ Changed C APIs
 
 * If the :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT` or :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_WEAKREF`
   flag is set then :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` must be set too.
-  (Contributed by Sergey Miryanov in :gh:`134786`)
+  (Contributed by Sergey Miryanov in :gh:`134786`.)
 
 
 Porting to Python 3.15
@@ -1610,7 +1621,7 @@ Build changes
   :manpage:`PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME <PR_SET_VMA(2const)>` (Linux 5.17 or newer).
   Annotations are visible in ``/proc/<pid>/maps`` if the kernel supports the feature
   and :option:`-X dev <-X>` is passed to the Python or Python is built in :ref:`debug mode <debug-build>`.
-  (Contributed by Donghee Na in :gh:`141770`)
+  (Contributed by Donghee Na in :gh:`141770`.)
 
 
 Porting to Python 3.15

From eb6d0e0b2b9f1cc36fb2b7e396bf3100214b3e09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Victor Stinner <vstinner@python.org>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 18:27:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 8/8] gh-141563: Fix test_cext on Windows (#144677)

The 'module' argument is now always needed to call the test_datetime
method.
---
 Lib/test/test_cext/extension.c | 8 +-------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_cext/extension.c b/Lib/test/test_cext/extension.c
index 28531b47383b85..a2f6151d8b36ed 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_cext/extension.c
+++ b/Lib/test/test_cext/extension.c
@@ -74,13 +74,7 @@ static PyMethodDef _testcext_methods[] = {
 
 
 static int
-_testcext_exec(
-#ifdef __STDC_VERSION__
-    PyObject *module
-#else
-    PyObject *Py_UNUSED(module)
-#endif
-    )
+_testcext_exec(PyObject *module)
 {
     PyObject *result;