ci: update CodeQL workflow runner to ubuntu-24.04, fixes #9386

[mr-raj12]

Summary

• Update runs-on in .github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml from ubuntu-22.04 to ubuntu-24.04
• The main CI workflow (ci.yml) already uses ubuntu-24.04 for security, asan_ubsan, and vm_tests jobs — this aligns the CodeQL workflow with the rest of the CI infrastructure

Fixes #9386

Checklist

• PR is against master
• Single-topic changeset — one-line runner update
• Tests pass — the workflow's paths filter includes itself, so CI will self-test the change

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 76.43%. Comparing base (cace06f) to head (77a5f43).
⚠️ Report is 3 commits behind head on master.
✅ All tests successful. No failed tests found.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #9387      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   76.44%   76.43%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files          85       85              
  Lines       14799    14800       +1     
  Branches     2212     2212              
==========================================
  Hits        11313    11313              
- Misses       2808     2809       +1     
  Partials      678      678              

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