Default to signed for all int columns, opt-in for unsigned

config/app.example.php

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 
 return [
     'Migrations' => [
-        'unsigned_primary_keys' => null,
-        'column_null_default' => null,
+        'unsigned_primary_keys' => null, // Default false
+        'unsigned_ints' => null, // Default false, make sure this is aligned with the above config
+        'column_null_default' => null, // Default false
     ],
 ];

docs/en/index.rst

@@ -43,6 +43,12 @@ your application in your **config/app.php** file as explained in the `Database
 Configuration section
 <https://book.cakephp.org/5/en/orm/database-basics.html#database-configuration>`__.
 
+Upgrading from 4.x
+==================
+
+If you are upgrading from Migrations 4.x, please see the :doc:`upgrading` guide
+for breaking changes and migration steps.
+
 Overview
 ========
 
@@ -841,6 +847,7 @@ Feature Flags
 Migrations offers a few feature flags for compatibility. These features are disabled by default but can be enabled if required:
 
 * ``unsigned_primary_keys``: Should Migrations create primary keys as unsigned integers? (default: ``false``)
+* ``unsigned_ints``: Should Migrations create all integer columns as unsigned? (default: ``false``)
 * ``column_null_default``: Should Migrations create columns as null by default? (default: ``false``)
 * ``add_timestamps_use_datetime``: Should Migrations use ``DATETIME`` type
   columns for the columns added by ``addTimestamps()``.
@@ -849,9 +856,18 @@ Set them via Configure to enable (e.g. in ``config/app.php``)::
 
     'Migrations' => [
         'unsigned_primary_keys' => true,
+        'unsigned_ints' => true,
         'column_null_default' => true,
     ],
 
+.. note::
+
+    The ``unsigned_primary_keys`` and ``unsigned_ints`` options only affect MySQL databases.
+    When generating migrations with ``bake migration_snapshot`` or ``bake migration_diff``,
+    the ``signed`` attribute will only be included in the output for unsigned columns
+    (as ``'signed' => false``). Signed is the default for integer columns in MySQL, so
+    ``'signed' => true`` is never output.
+
 Skipping the ``schema.lock`` file generation
 ============================================
 

docs/en/upgrading.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+Upgrading from 4.x to 5.x
+#########################
+
+Migrations 5.x includes significant changes from 4.x. This guide outlines
+the breaking changes and what you need to update when upgrading.
+
+Requirements
+============
+
+- **PHP 8.2+** is now required (was PHP 8.1+)
+- **CakePHP 5.3+** is now required
+- **Phinx has been removed** - The builtin backend is now the only supported backend
+
+If you were already using the builtin backend in 4.x (introduced in 4.3, default in 4.4),
+the upgrade should be straightforward. See :doc:`upgrading-to-builtin-backend` for more
+details on API differences between the phinx and builtin backends.
+
+Command Changes
+===============
+
+The phinx wrapper commands have been removed. The new command structure is:
+
+Migrations
+----------
+
+The migration commands remain unchanged:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    bin/cake migrations migrate
+    bin/cake migrations rollback
+    bin/cake migrations status
+    bin/cake migrations mark_migrated
+    bin/cake migrations dump
+
+Seeds
+-----
+
+Seed commands have changed:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    # 4.x                              # 5.x
+    bin/cake migrations seed           bin/cake seeds run
+    bin/cake migrations seed --seed X  bin/cake seeds run X
+
+The new seed commands are:
+
+- ``bin/cake seeds run`` - Run seed classes
+- ``bin/cake seeds run SeedName`` - Run a specific seed
+- ``bin/cake seeds status`` - Show seed execution status
+- ``bin/cake seeds reset`` - Reset seed execution tracking
+
+Maintaining Backward Compatibility
+----------------------------------
+
+If you need to maintain the old ``migrations seed`` command for existing scripts or
+CI/CD pipelines, you can add command aliases in your ``src/Application.php``::
+
+    public function console(CommandCollection $commands): CommandCollection
+    {
+        $commands = $this->addConsoleCommands($commands);
+
+        // Add backward compatibility alias
+        $commands->add('migrations seed', \Migrations\Command\SeedCommand::class);
+
+        return $commands;
+    }
+
+Removed Classes and Namespaces
+==============================
+
+The following have been removed in 5.x:
+
+- ``Migrations\Command\Phinx\*`` - All phinx wrapper commands
+- ``Migrations\Command\MigrationsCommand`` - Use ``bin/cake migrations`` entry point
+- ``Migrations\Command\MigrationsSeedCommand`` - Use ``bin/cake seeds run``
+- ``Migrations\Command\MigrationsCacheBuildCommand`` - Schema cache is managed differently
+- ``Migrations\Command\MigrationsCacheClearCommand`` - Schema cache is managed differently
+- ``Migrations\Command\MigrationsCreateCommand`` - Use ``bin/cake bake migration``
+
+If you have code that directly references any of these classes, you will need to update it.
+
+API Changes
+===========
+
+Adapter Query Results
+---------------------
+
+If your migrations use ``AdapterInterface::query()`` to fetch rows, the return type has
+changed from a phinx result to ``Cake\Database\StatementInterface``::
+
+    // 4.x (phinx)
+    $stmt = $this->getAdapter()->query('SELECT * FROM articles');
+    $rows = $stmt->fetchAll();
+    $row = $stmt->fetch();
+
+    // 5.x (builtin)
+    $stmt = $this->getAdapter()->query('SELECT * FROM articles');
+    $rows = $stmt->fetchAll('assoc');
+    $row = $stmt->fetch('assoc');
+
+New Features in 5.x
+===================
+
+5.x includes several new features:
+
+Seed Tracking
+-------------
+
+Seeds are now tracked in a ``cake_seeds`` table by default, preventing accidental re-runs.
+Use ``--force`` to run a seed again, or ``bin/cake seeds reset`` to clear tracking.
+See :doc:`seeding` for more details.
+
+Check Constraints
+-----------------
+
+Support for database check constraints via ``addCheckConstraint()``.
+See :doc:`writing-migrations` for usage details.
+
+MySQL ALTER Options
+-------------------
+
+Support for ``ALGORITHM`` and ``LOCK`` options on MySQL ALTER TABLE operations,
+allowing control over how MySQL performs schema changes.
+
+insertOrSkip() for Seeds
+------------------------
+
+New ``insertOrSkip()`` method for seeds to insert records only if they don't already exist,
+making seeds more idempotent.
+
+Migration File Compatibility
+============================
+
+Your existing migration files should work without changes in most cases. The builtin backend
+provides the same API as phinx for common operations.
+
+If you encounter issues with existing migrations, please report them at
+https://github.com/cakephp/migrations/issues

src/Command/BakeMigrationDiffCommand.php

@@ -290,14 +290,10 @@ protected function getColumns(): void
                         }
                     }
 
+                    // Only convert unsigned to signed if it actually changed
                     if (isset($changedAttributes['unsigned'])) {
                         $changedAttributes['signed'] = !$changedAttributes['unsigned'];
                         unset($changedAttributes['unsigned']);
-                    } else {
-                        // badish hack
-                        if (isset($column['unsigned']) && $column['unsigned'] === true) {
-                            $changedAttributes['signed'] = false;
-                        }
                     }
 
                     // For decimal columns, handle CakePHP schema -> migration attribute mapping

src/Db/Adapter/MysqlAdapter.php

@@ -609,9 +609,8 @@ public function getColumns(string $tableName): array
                 ->setScale($record['precision'] ?? null)
                 ->setComment($record['comment']);
 
-            if ($record['unsigned'] ?? false) {
-                $column->setSigned(!$record['unsigned']);
-            }
+            // Always set unsigned property based on unsigned flag
+            $column->setUnsigned($record['unsigned'] ?? false);
             if ($record['autoIncrement'] ?? false) {
                 $column->setIdentity(true);
             }

src/Db/Table/Column.php

@@ -18,6 +18,26 @@
 
 /**
  * This object is based loosely on: https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/Table.html.
+ *
+ * ## Configuration
+ *
+ * The following configuration options can be set in your application's config:
+ *
+ * - `Migrations.unsigned_primary_keys` (bool): When true, identity columns default to unsigned.
+ *   Default: false
+ *
+ * - `Migrations.unsigned_ints` (bool): When true, all integer columns default to unsigned.
+ *   Default: false
+ *
+ * Example configuration in config/app.php:
+ * ```php
+ * 'Migrations' => [
+ *     'unsigned_primary_keys' => true,
+ *     'unsigned_ints' => true,
+ * ]
+ * ```
+ *
+ * Note: Explicitly calling setUnsigned() or setSigned() on a column will override these defaults.
  */
 class Column extends DatabaseColumn
 {
@@ -493,6 +513,63 @@ public function getComment(): ?string
         return $this->comment;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets whether field should be unsigned.
+     *
+     * Checks configuration options to determine unsigned behavior:
+     * - If explicitly set via setUnsigned/setSigned, uses that value
+     * - If identity column and Migrations.unsigned_primary_keys is true, returns true
+     * - If integer type and Migrations.unsigned_ints is true, returns true
+     * - Otherwise defaults to false (signed)
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function getUnsigned(): bool
+    {
+        // If explicitly set, use that value
+        if ($this->unsigned !== null) {
+            return $this->unsigned;
+        }
+
+        $integerTypes = [
+            self::INTEGER,
+            self::BIGINTEGER,
+            self::SMALLINTEGER,
+            self::TINYINTEGER,
+        ];
+
+        // Only apply configuration to integer types
+        if (!in_array($this->type, $integerTypes, true)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Check if this is a primary key/identity column
+        if ($this->identity && Configure::read('Migrations.unsigned_primary_keys')) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Check general integer configuration
+        if (Configure::read('Migrations.unsigned_ints')) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Default to signed for backward compatibility
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets whether field should be unsigned.
+     *
+     * @param bool $unsigned Unsigned
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setUnsigned(bool $unsigned)
+    {
+        $this->unsigned = $unsigned;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Sets whether field should be signed.
      *
@@ -515,18 +592,7 @@ public function setSigned(bool $signed)
      */
     public function getSigned(): bool
     {
-        return $this->unsigned === null ? true : !$this->unsigned;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Should the column be signed?
-     *
-     * @return bool
-     * @deprecated 5.0 Use isUnsigned() instead.
-     */
-    public function isSigned(): bool
-    {
-        return $this->getSigned();
+        return !$this->isUnsigned();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -826,7 +892,7 @@ public function toArray(): array
             'null' => $this->getNull(),
             'default' => $default,
             'generated' => $this->getGenerated(),
-            'unsigned' => !$this->getSigned(),
+            'unsigned' => $this->getUnsigned(),
             'onUpdate' => $this->getUpdate(),
             'collate' => $this->getCollation(),
             'precision' => $precision,

src/View/Helper/MigrationHelper.php

@@ -406,6 +406,10 @@ public function getColumnOption(array $options): array
 
         if (!$isMysql) {
             unset($columnOptions['signed']);
+        } elseif (isset($columnOptions['signed']) && $columnOptions['signed'] === true) {
+            // Remove 'signed' => true since signed is the default for integer columns
+            // Only output explicit 'signed' => false for unsigned columns
+            unset($columnOptions['signed']);
         }
 
         if (($isMysql || $isSqlserver) && !empty($columnOptions['collate'])) {
@@ -530,6 +534,10 @@ public function attributes(TableSchemaInterface|string $table, string $column):
         $isMysql = $connection->getDriver() instanceof Mysql;
         if (!$isMysql) {
             unset($attributes['signed']);
+        } elseif (isset($attributes['signed']) && $attributes['signed'] === true) {
+            // Remove 'signed' => true since signed is now the default for integer columns
+            // Only output explicit 'signed' => false for unsigned columns
+            unset($attributes['signed']);
         }
 
         $defaultCollation = $tableSchema->getOptions()['collation'] ?? null;

tests/TestCase/Command/BakeMigrationDiffCommandTest.php

@@ -233,6 +233,9 @@ public function testBakingDiff()
     {
         $this->skipIf(!env('DB_URL_COMPARE'));
 
+        Configure::write('Migrations.unsigned_primary_keys', true);
+        Configure::write('Migrations.unsigned_ints', true);
+
         $this->runDiffBakingTest('Default');
     }